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1 Internal Investigations
Сокращение: ОВРУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Internal Investigations
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2 ОВР
1) Politics: "Отечество"-"Вся Россия"2) Abbreviation: Internal Investigations, отдел внутренних расследований -
3 Clerk, Sir Dugald
[br]b. 31 March 1854 Glasgow, Scotlandd. 12 November 1932 Ewhurst, Surrey, England[br]Scottish mechanical engineer, inventor of the two-stroke internal combustion engine.[br]Clerk began his engineering training at about the age of 15 in the drawing office of H.O.Robinson \& Company, Glasgow, and in his father's works. Meanwhile, he studied at the West of Scotland Technical College and then, from 1871 to 1876, at Anderson's College, Glasgow, and at the Yorkshire College of Science, Leeds. Here he worked under and then became assistant to the distinguished chemist T.E.Thorpe, who set him to work on the fractional distillation of petroleum, which was to be useful to him in his later work. At that time he had intended to become a chemical engineer, but seeing a Lenoir gas engine at work, after his return to Glasgow, turned his main interest to gas and other internal combustion engines. He pursued his investigations first at Thomson, Sterne \& Company (1877–85) and then at Tangyes of Birmingham (1886–88. In 1888 he began a lifelong partnership in Marks and Clerk, consulting engineers and patent agents, in London.Beginning his work on gas engines in 1876, he achieved two patents in the two following years. In 1878 he made his principal invention, patented in 1881, of an engine working on the two-stroke cycle, in which the piston is powered during each revolution of the crankshaft, instead of alternate revolutions as in the Otto four-stroke cycle. In this engine, Clerk introduced supercharging, or increasing the pressure of the air intake. Many engines of the Clerk type were made but their popularity waned after the patent for the Otto engine expired in 1890. Interest was later revived, particularly for application to large gas engines, but Clerk's engine eventually came into its own where simple, low-power motors are needed, such as in motor cycles or motor mowers.Clerk's work on the theory and design of gas engines bore fruit in the book The Gas Engine (1886), republished with an extended text in 1909 as The Gas, Petrol and Oil Engine; these and a number of papers in scientific journals won him international renown. During and after the First World War, Clerk widened the scope of his interests and served, often as chairman, on many bodies in the field of science and industry.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1917; FRS 1908; Royal Society Royal Medal 1924; Royal Society of Arts Alber Medal 1922.Further ReadingObituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, no. 2, 1933.LRD -
4 IRIS
1) Общая лексика: Уменьшенный PWR реактор с находящимися в полости под давлением парогенераторами, компенсаторами давления, приводами регулирующих стержней и насосами системы охлаждения реак (International Reactor Innovative and Secure), Воспалительный синдр (Состояние гиперреактивного иммуного ответа на ранее присутствовавшую инфекцию после восстановления иммунитета при лечении СПИДа, или после отмены иммуносупрессивного лечения при иных состояниях), integrated regulatory information system2) Компьютерная техника: Image Recall Image Storage, Integrated Raster Imaging System, Internet Rapid Installer For Software3) Медицина: immune reconstitution inflammatory disease (воспалительный синдром восстановления иммунитета)4) Американизм: Integrated Regional Information System5) Военный термин: IBM recruitment information system, Infrared Imaging System, Integrated Repair Information System, Intelligent Recruiting Information System, infrared image scanner, infrared imaging seeker, infrared information symposia, infrared interferometer spectrometer, infrared intruder system, infrared research information symposium, integrated radar imaging system, intelligence reports information subsystem, interrogation, recording and locating system6) Техника: International Radiation Investigation Satellite, infrared imagery of Shuttle, infrared interferometer in space7) Железнодорожный термин: Международный стандарт железнодорожной промышленности8) Страхование: Insurance Regulatory Information System9) Ветеринария: International Renal Interest Society10) Оптика: infrared intelligent spectro-radiometer11) Сокращение: Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology, Infra-Red Imaging System, Infrared Imaging Subsystem - Thermal Imager, Integrated Radio Information System12) Университет: Illinois Researcher Information Service, Institute For Robotics And Intelligence Systems, Instruction Research And Information Services13) Электроника: Imaging of Radicals Interacting with Surfaces14) Вычислительная техника: infrared internal shield, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems (organization, Canada)15) Нефть: The Integrated Risk Information System (prepared and maintained by the EPA, as an electronic database containing health risk and EPA regulatory information on specific chemicals)16) Нефтегазовая техника Internal rotating inspection system (Используется при инспектировании трубопроводов)17) Образование: Instructional Resource Information System18) Океанография: International Recruitment Investigations in the Subarctic19) Химическое оружие: Integrated Risk Information System20) Безопасность: Integrated Routing And Intelligent Switching21) Расширение файла: Bitmap graphics (Silicon Graphics RGB image file)22) Автодорожное право: International Registration Information System, Международная информационная система для регистрации23) НАСА: Intelligent Rotation In Space24) Программное обеспечение: Image Recognition Integrated Systems -
5 Iris
1) Общая лексика: Уменьшенный PWR реактор с находящимися в полости под давлением парогенераторами, компенсаторами давления, приводами регулирующих стержней и насосами системы охлаждения реак (International Reactor Innovative and Secure), Воспалительный синдр (Состояние гиперреактивного иммуного ответа на ранее присутствовавшую инфекцию после восстановления иммунитета при лечении СПИДа, или после отмены иммуносупрессивного лечения при иных состояниях), integrated regulatory information system2) Компьютерная техника: Image Recall Image Storage, Integrated Raster Imaging System, Internet Rapid Installer For Software3) Медицина: immune reconstitution inflammatory disease (воспалительный синдром восстановления иммунитета)4) Американизм: Integrated Regional Information System5) Военный термин: IBM recruitment information system, Infrared Imaging System, Integrated Repair Information System, Intelligent Recruiting Information System, infrared image scanner, infrared imaging seeker, infrared information symposia, infrared interferometer spectrometer, infrared intruder system, infrared research information symposium, integrated radar imaging system, intelligence reports information subsystem, interrogation, recording and locating system6) Техника: International Radiation Investigation Satellite, infrared imagery of Shuttle, infrared interferometer in space7) Железнодорожный термин: Международный стандарт железнодорожной промышленности8) Страхование: Insurance Regulatory Information System9) Ветеринария: International Renal Interest Society10) Оптика: infrared intelligent spectro-radiometer11) Сокращение: Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology, Infra-Red Imaging System, Infrared Imaging Subsystem - Thermal Imager, Integrated Radio Information System12) Университет: Illinois Researcher Information Service, Institute For Robotics And Intelligence Systems, Instruction Research And Information Services13) Электроника: Imaging of Radicals Interacting with Surfaces14) Вычислительная техника: infrared internal shield, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems (organization, Canada)15) Нефть: The Integrated Risk Information System (prepared and maintained by the EPA, as an electronic database containing health risk and EPA regulatory information on specific chemicals)16) Нефтегазовая техника Internal rotating inspection system (Используется при инспектировании трубопроводов)17) Образование: Instructional Resource Information System18) Океанография: International Recruitment Investigations in the Subarctic19) Химическое оружие: Integrated Risk Information System20) Безопасность: Integrated Routing And Intelligent Switching21) Расширение файла: Bitmap graphics (Silicon Graphics RGB image file)22) Автодорожное право: International Registration Information System, Международная информационная система для регистрации23) НАСА: Intelligent Rotation In Space24) Программное обеспечение: Image Recognition Integrated Systems -
6 SLIC
2) Телекоммуникации: Subscriber Line Interface Card, Subscriber Line Interface Circuit3) Сокращение: Single-Launch Instruction Computer4) Университет: Students Living In Creativity6) Вычислительная техника: Subscriber Line Interface Circuit (PBX), Serial Link and Interrupt Controller (TSMP, Wyse)7) Биотехнология: Sequence- and ligation-independent cloning8) Сетевые технологии: system licensed internal code9) Океанография: Spills Leaks Investigations And Cleanups10) Расширение файла: System Level Integration Circuit, System Licensed Internal Code (IBM) -
7 SLiC
2) Телекоммуникации: Subscriber Line Interface Card, Subscriber Line Interface Circuit3) Сокращение: Single-Launch Instruction Computer4) Университет: Students Living In Creativity6) Вычислительная техника: Subscriber Line Interface Circuit (PBX), Serial Link and Interrupt Controller (TSMP, Wyse)7) Биотехнология: Sequence- and ligation-independent cloning8) Сетевые технологии: system licensed internal code9) Океанография: Spills Leaks Investigations And Cleanups10) Расширение файла: System Level Integration Circuit, System Licensed Internal Code (IBM) -
8 iris
1) Общая лексика: Уменьшенный PWR реактор с находящимися в полости под давлением парогенераторами, компенсаторами давления, приводами регулирующих стержней и насосами системы охлаждения реак (International Reactor Innovative and Secure), Воспалительный синдр (Состояние гиперреактивного иммуного ответа на ранее присутствовавшую инфекцию после восстановления иммунитета при лечении СПИДа, или после отмены иммуносупрессивного лечения при иных состояниях), integrated regulatory information system2) Компьютерная техника: Image Recall Image Storage, Integrated Raster Imaging System, Internet Rapid Installer For Software3) Медицина: immune reconstitution inflammatory disease (воспалительный синдром восстановления иммунитета)4) Американизм: Integrated Regional Information System5) Военный термин: IBM recruitment information system, Infrared Imaging System, Integrated Repair Information System, Intelligent Recruiting Information System, infrared image scanner, infrared imaging seeker, infrared information symposia, infrared interferometer spectrometer, infrared intruder system, infrared research information symposium, integrated radar imaging system, intelligence reports information subsystem, interrogation, recording and locating system6) Техника: International Radiation Investigation Satellite, infrared imagery of Shuttle, infrared interferometer in space7) Железнодорожный термин: Международный стандарт железнодорожной промышленности8) Страхование: Insurance Regulatory Information System9) Ветеринария: International Renal Interest Society10) Оптика: infrared intelligent spectro-radiometer11) Сокращение: Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology, Infra-Red Imaging System, Infrared Imaging Subsystem - Thermal Imager, Integrated Radio Information System12) Университет: Illinois Researcher Information Service, Institute For Robotics And Intelligence Systems, Instruction Research And Information Services13) Электроника: Imaging of Radicals Interacting with Surfaces14) Вычислительная техника: infrared internal shield, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems (organization, Canada)15) Нефть: The Integrated Risk Information System (prepared and maintained by the EPA, as an electronic database containing health risk and EPA regulatory information on specific chemicals)16) Нефтегазовая техника Internal rotating inspection system (Используется при инспектировании трубопроводов)17) Образование: Instructional Resource Information System18) Океанография: International Recruitment Investigations in the Subarctic19) Химическое оружие: Integrated Risk Information System20) Безопасность: Integrated Routing And Intelligent Switching21) Расширение файла: Bitmap graphics (Silicon Graphics RGB image file)22) Автодорожное право: International Registration Information System, Международная информационная система для регистрации23) НАСА: Intelligent Rotation In Space24) Программное обеспечение: Image Recognition Integrated Systems -
9 IIG
1) Американизм: Independent Investigations Group2) Военный термин: Intelligence Inspector General, illuminated internal graticule, Imagery Intelligence Group (formerly USAlIC)3) Сокращение: Instantaneous Inverse Gain4) Логистика: Руководства по идентификации предметов снабжения -
10 VIE
1) Химия: vacuum insulated evaporator2) Сокращение: Vietnamese3) Фирменный знак: Vampire Investigations And Exterminations4) Деловая лексика: Very Important Employee, Vision Internal External5) Полимеры: visual indicator equipment6) Расширение файла: Virtual Information Environment7) Аэропорты: Vienna International Airport, Vienna, Austria -
11 vie
1) Химия: vacuum insulated evaporator2) Сокращение: Vietnamese3) Фирменный знак: Vampire Investigations And Exterminations4) Деловая лексика: Very Important Employee, Vision Internal External5) Полимеры: visual indicator equipment6) Расширение файла: Virtual Information Environment7) Аэропорты: Vienna International Airport, Vienna, Austria -
12 McCarthy Era
Период политической реакции в США в 1950-54, активная кампания преследования прогрессивных и либеральных политических деятелей, опиравшаяся на поддержку монополистических группировок Юга и Запада страны. Кампанию возглавил председатель сенатского подкомитета по расследованиям [Permanent Investigations Subcommittee, Senate] Дж. Маккарти [ McCarthy, Joseph Raymond] при активной поддержке Комитета по антиамериканской деятельности Палаты представителей [ Un-American Activities Committee] и вице-президента Р. Никсона [ Nixon, Richard Milhous], а также части прессы и реакционно-консервативных организаций. На основе материалов ФБР [ FBI] были проведены громкие политические расследования и слушания о "проникновении коммунистических агентов" в профсоюзные и фермерские организации, в средства массовой информации, университеты, в Государственный департамент [ Department of State, U.S.] и армию; они коснулись либералов, сторонников "Нового курса" [ New Deal], и "умников" [ egghead]. Было принято антидемократическое и антирабочее законодательство (в частности, закон Маккаррена [ Internal Security Act of 1950, McCarran Act], обязывавший т.н. подрывные организации - коммунистическую партию, фашистские организации и ряд других - зарегистрироваться в качестве агентов иностранных держав). Начались массовые преследования и увольнения прогрессивных деятелей (например, "дело Оппенгеймера" [ Oppenheimer, J. Robert, Oppenheimer case]). Действия Маккарти были официально осуждены Сенатом в 1954.English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > McCarthy Era
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13 Daniell, John Frederick
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 12 March 1790 London, Englandd. 13 March 1845 London, England[br]English chemist, inventor of the Daniell primary electric cell.[br]With an early bias towards science, Daniell's interest in chemistry was formed when he joined a relative's sugar-refining business. He formed a lifelong friendship with W.T.Brande, Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution, and together they revived the journal of the Royal Institution, to which Daniell submitted many of his early papers on chemical subjects. He made many contributions to the science of meteorology and in 1820 invented a hydrometer, which became widely used and gave precision to the measurement of atmospheric moisture. As one of the originators of the Society for Promoting Useful Knowledge, Daniell edited several of its early publications. His work on crystallization established his reputation as a chemist and in 1831 he was appointed the first Professor of Chemistry at King's College, London, where he was largely responsible for establishing its department of applied science. He was also involved in the Chemical Society of London and served as its Vice-President. At King's College he began the research into current electricity with which his name is particularly associated. His investigations into the zinc-copper cell revealed that the rapid decline in power was due to hydrogen gas being liberated at the positive electrode. Daniell's cell, invented in 1836, employed a zinc electrode in dilute sulphuric acid and a copper electrode in a solution of copper sulphate, the electrodes being separated by a porous membrane, typically an unglazed earthenware pot. He was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society for his invention which avoided the "polarization" of the simple cell and provided a further source of current for electrical research and for commercial applications such as electroplating. Although the high internal resistance of the Daniell cell limited the current and the potential was only 1.1 volts, the voltage was so unchanging that it was used as a reference standard until the 1870s, when J. Lattimer Clark devised an even more stable cell.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1814. Royal Society Rumford Medal 1832, Copley Medal 1837, Royal Medal 1842.Bibliography1836, "On voltaic combinations", Phil. Transactions of the Royal Society 126:107–24, 125–9 (the first report of his experiments).Listings of his scientific papers can be found in Catalogue of Scientific Papers, 1868, Vol. II, London: Royal Society.Further ReadingObituary, 1845, Proceedings of the Royal Society, 5:577–80.J.R.Partington, 1964, History of Chemistry, Vol. IV, London (describes the Daniell cell and his electrical researches).B.Bowers, 1982, History of Electric Light and Power, London.GWBiographical history of technology > Daniell, John Frederick
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14 Kettering, Charles Franklin
SUBJECT AREA: Automotive engineering, Electricity, Electronics and information technology, Metallurgy, Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 29 August 1876 near Londonsville, Ohio, USAd. 25 November 1958 Dayton, Ohio, USA[br]American engineer and inventor.[br]Kettering gained degrees in mechanical and electrical engineering from Ohio State University. He was employed by the National Construction Register (NCR) of Dayton, Ohio, where he devised an electric motor for use in cash registers. He became Head of the Inventions Department of that company but left in 1909 to form, with the former Works Manager of NCR, Edward A. Deeds, the Dayton Engineering Laboratories (later called Delco), to develop improved lighting and ignition systems for automobiles. In the first two years of the new company he produced not only these but also the first self-starter, both of which were fitted to the Cadillac, America's leading luxury car. In 1914 he founded Dayton Metal Products and the Dayton Wright Airplane Company. Two years later Delco was bought by General Motors. In 1925 the independent research facilities of Delco were moved to Detroit and merged with General Motors' laboratories to form General Motors Research Corporation, of which Kettering was President and General Manager. (He had been Vice-President of General Motors since 1920.) In that position he headed investigations into methods of achieving maximum engine performance as well as into the nature of friction and combustion. Many other developments in the automobile field were made under his leadership, such as engine coolers, variable-speed transmissions, balancing machines, the two-way shock absorber, high-octane fuel, leaded petrol or gasoline, fast-drying lacquers, crank-case ventilators, chrome plating, and the high-compression automobile engine. Among his other activities were the establishment of the Charles Franklin Kettering Foundation for the Study of Chlorophyll and Photosynthesis at Antioch College, and the founding of the Sloan- Kettering Institute for Cancer Research in New York City. He sponsored the Fever Therapy Research Project at Miami Valley Hospital at Dayton, which developed the hypertherm, or artificial fever machine, for use in the treatment of disease. He resigned from General Motors in 1947.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Kettering, Charles Franklin
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